Test Results

Benefits of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives

• Lower emissions when compared to regular gasoline, testing has demonstrated reductions up to
• 88.1%(1) reduction carbon monoxide
• 83.3%(2) reduction in hydrocarbons
• 9.7%(3) reduction in carbon dioxide
• Because C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives burns cleaner than regular gasoline it should provide potentially lower maintenance cost.
• Improved fuel consumption. Compared to regular gasoline, tests have shown that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives improves fuel consumption by up to 10.8%(4)
• C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives can be mixed with gasoline to ensure reduction in emissions and increase octane.
• Current experience has demonstrated that no modifications are required to vehicle OEM parts or operating settings.
• C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives requires no changes in retail tanks and pumps or distribution facilities.

(1) See 1998 Crown Victoria, Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline Highway Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #2), ref. ERMD Report #01-26
(2) See 1998 Ford Crown Victoria, Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline Highway Driving Performance (HWFCT Phase), ref. ERMD Report #01-26
(3) See 1991 Plymouth Acclaim, Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline, Highway Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #2), ref. ERMD Report #01-22
(4) See 1991 Plymouth Acclaim, Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline, Highway Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #2), ref. ERMD Report #01-22

Product Testing and Results

Extensive emission testing has been done in Canada on this fuel. Environment Canada has a fully certified world-class automotive testing centre that specializes in testing all vehicles that use some form of combustible fuel. In tests on a number of different vehicle types and age, significant reductions in emissions have been obtained compared with gasoline. In addition a significant improvement (10.8% reduction) in fuel consumption has been achieved.

In one particular exercise, the vehicles tested were 1997 (RCMP propane) and 1998 (C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives) Ford Crown Victorias using Environment Canada’s UDDS Emission Cycle. This enabled a direct comparison of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives and propane to be made in what is generally considered to be representative of the largest portion of the police vehicle fleet in North America. The test results show that whereas propane in properly tuned cars contributes to an improvement in smog formation through a reduction in hydrocarbons, it does not do anything for carbon monoxide emissions. C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives on the other hand, not only has a beneficial effect on smog formation through a reduction in hydrocarbons, it dramatically reduces carbon monoxide emissions.

The unique ability of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives to reduce carbon monoxide emissions needs to be put into perspective because although the problems associated with smog have been well publicized, the hazards associated with carbon monoxide emissions have not. Yet, carbon monoxide is probably the most insidious of the emission pollutants as it is totally invisible and has no smell. In addition, 95% of the carbon monoxide produced in urban areas can be attributed to motor vehicles.

Comparison of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives and Propane To Gasoline
Ford Crown Victoria (Police Vehicle Specifications)

% Reduction in Exhaust Emissions of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives and Propane Relative to Gasoline

These test results along with extensive Ontario government mandated Drive Clean Testing results, show consistent reductions in major emissions. All the current testing Environmental Benefits Overview Of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives Page 3 has shown that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives oxygenated fuel reduces emissions, particularly of pollutants such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons and also reduces carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. In most cases NOx has also been reduced in Highway Driving Dynamometer simulations.

In recent years an increasing amount of attention has been given to the need to lower the sulphur content of gasoline not only to reduce the formation of sulphur dioxide in exhaust emissions but also to address the concern of vehicle manufacturers that sulphur poisons catalytic converters thereby reducing their effectiveness to deal with all exhaust emissions. This is another area where C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives can make an important contribution to the environment, because, whereas Ontario gasoline contains anything from 200 to 790 parts per million of sulphur, C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives has a sulphur content of less than 30 ppm.

Testing has been done by Environment Canada, Ontario Drive Clean, independent labs and the University of Hong Kong. This test data covers a wide range of new and old vehicles, various makes and different engine types. All tests are done with results shown compared to regular gasoline. The following data demonstrates C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives’s improvements over gasoline in tests conducted by Environment Canada on a 1991 Plymouth Acclaim and a 1998 Ford Crown Victoria. In the case of the Plymouth Acclaim the vehicle did not pass Ontario Drive Clean testing using regular gasoline but did so once C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives was used. Laboratory tests commissioned by fuel licensees in Japan and Canada have not indicated any corrosion problems with the C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives blend.

As well, tests confirm C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives as a TLEV product or Category 2 fuel and in many cases meeting the California ULEV standard or Category 3 under the World Wide Fuel Charter. An overview of the applicability to the World Wide Fuel Charter can be found in Appendix C.

1991 Plymouth Acclaim
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Cold Start/City Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #1)

1991 Plymouth Acclaim
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Highway Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #2)

1991 Plymouth Acclaim
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Highway Driving Performance (HWFCT Phase)

Legend:
Measured in grams/mile: CO - carbon monoxide, CO2 - carbon dioxide; THC - Total Hydrocarbon;
Measured in litres/100km: FX - fuel consumption

1998 Ford Crown Victoria
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Cold Start/City Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #1)

1998 Ford Crown Victoria
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Highway Driving Performance (UDDS Phase #2)

1998 Ford Crown Victoria
Percentage Improvement With C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives vs. Premium Gasoline
Highway Driving Performance (HWFCT Phase)

• Methodology:
• "Best" results were calculated using the highest gasoline reading and subtracting it from the lowest C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives reading and the difference expressed as a percentage of improvement with C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives. (If the result is (bracketed) then the C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives performance was poorer.
• "Worst" results were calculated using the lowest gasoline number and subtracting it from the worst (highest) C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives output and the delta expressed as a percentage of change.
• "Average" calculated from all the outputs by compound, averaged and the C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives improvement over Gasoline expressed as a percentage.

The C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives Product Assurance Program (HELPS)

"HE" stands for HIGHER EFFICIENCY. Laboratory testing on a dynamometer at Environment Canada’s, Ottawa facility has proven that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives improves mileage by an average of 10%. Thus the consumer, when purchasing properly manufactured C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives will receive better value.

The "LP" or LOWER POLLUTING claims of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives have been well documented in tests in Canada, Japan and Hong Kong.

In Canada, in fact, many automotive engineers are quite amazed and impressed at the environmental contribution that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives provides. Even a 10% improvement in their minds is significant.

Higher Efficiency and Low Pollution are important goals but Safety is paramount. C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives Energy International Inc. (GEII), and the other international licensees are now establishing quality control standards that will become the benchmark for future oxygenated fuel suppliers. The test team at C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives Energy International Inc. believes that the use of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives will assist in achieving many of the objectives set out in the Kyoto Accord and the World Wide Fuel Charter.

C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives HELPS.
It is an immediate solution
to near term pollution reduction.

Vehicle Emissions and Health Concerns

(1) Introduction

Air pollution affects everyone. Every day, the average adult breathes over 12,000 litres of air. Children breathe more air per unit weight and are thus more susceptible to air pollution. The majority of people in North America live in areas where urban smog, carbon monoxide and other toxic pollutants pose serious health problems. These concerns can stem from either short-term or long –term exposure to air pollution. During a "smog alert", short term exposure can result in throat irritation and difficulty in breathing. Long term exposure can result in extremely serious health problems such as cancer, and damage to the body’s immune, neurological, reproductive and respiratory systems.

Although significant reductions in exhaust emissions have been achieved by the auto industry in recent years, vehicles continue to be a major source of the pollutants that affect air quality. Two factors contribute to this situation, the first being that the reduction in emissions for each individual vehicle, has to be weighed against the continuous increase in the vehicle population. The second factor is that emission control systems seldom last the life of a vehicle and 80% of vehicle emissions are thought to result from the 20% of the vehicle population that is old.

(2) Summary of Pollutants in Gasoline Exhaust Emissions

The major pollutants by volume are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. Although present in smaller amounts other pollutants that can affect human health include sulphur dioxide, benzene and other aromatics such as toluene and xylene.

(3) Carbon Monoxide

Motor vehicles are responsible for 95% of the carbon monoxide in our cities. Since it is colourless, odourless and without taste, carbon monoxide is difficult to detect and consequently extremely dangerous. It enters the bloodstream through the lungs and forms a chemical bond with haemoglobin which reduces the amount of blood reaching the body’s organs and tissues. People with cardiovascular diseases, such as angina are most at risk, but fetuses and young infants can also be affected.

(4) Hydrocarbons and Nitrogen Oxides

Ground level ozone is formed when nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react chemically in the presence of sunlight. The Environmental Protection Agency reports, that one in three people in the United States is at risk from ozone related health effects. Those affected include people who are active outdoors and anyone with respiratory problems, since ozone reduces the function of the lungs making it more difficult to breathe.

(5) Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide is in a somewhat different category from the other pollutants as it is not considered to be a health hazard. It is however a major contributor to the greenhouse effect.

(6) Sulphur Dioxide

This is a colourless gas which affects the functioning of the lungs by narrowing the air passage (bronchoconstriction) resulting in a tightness of the chest and shortness of breath. Long term exposure has an enormous effect on the number of people suffering from asthma and from emphysema and can aggravate an existing cardiovascular condition.

Sulphur dioxide is produced by the combustion of sulphur, which is a component of crude oil. Although much of the sulphur is removed in the refinery, the amount of sulphur in the gasoline produced by Ontario refineries, can vary from 200 to 790 parts per million. When gasoline contains high levels of sulphur, the catalytic converter which is designed to remove most of the pollutants from the vehicle exhaust system, can no longer function effectively because sulphur dioxide neutralizes the converter thus enabling other pollutants and more sulphur to escape from the tailpipe.

In other words, sulphur not only results in the formation of a harmful pollutant, sulphur dioxide, it also results in an increase in other pollutants by reducing the effectiveness of the catalytic converter.

(7) Benzene

Benzene is the simplest aromatic compound and occurs naturally in crude oil along with other aromatics such as toluene and xylene. It is used in gasoline as a source of octane and is emitted by vehicles through their exhaust systems.

The EPA have classified benzene as a Group A known human carcinogen. Short term inhalation exposure may cause drowsiness dizziness and unconsciousness. Longer term exposure can lead to leukemia and various other blood disorders.

(9) Toluene

Toluene (methyl benzene) by itself is not likely to cause environmental harm at levels normally found in the environment. It can nevertheless contribute to the formation of photochemical smog and prolonged exposure can adversely affect the human nervous system, the kidneys, the liver and the heart

(10) Xylene(s)

Short term exposure to xylene (dimethyl benzene) or more accurately meta and para xylenes, can result in irritation to the nose, throat and eyes, nausea, and vomiting. Long term inhalation exposure to mixed xylenes can result in headache, dizziness, fatigue and tremors. Other effects include impaired pulmonary function, increased heart palpitation, severe chest pain and possible effects on the blood and kidney.

(11) C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives and Health Effects

C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives is a clean burning alternative to gasoline and consists of a blend of naphtha and various oxygenates. It was developed in Japan and has been commercially available for more than two years. It is currently being sold at 300 service stations in Japan. C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives is a liquid fuel and unlike other alternative fuels it can be used like gasoline without requiring any modification to either the vehicle or the fuel dispensing equipment.

C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives Energy International Inc. of Aurora, Ontario, has purchased the right to commercialize this product in North America and around the world.

Many of the exhaust pollutants listed referred to above can be significantly reduced when gasoline is replaced with C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives. For example emission tests performed by Environment Canada have demonstrated the following reductions,

• carbon monoxide 35 to 88%
• hydrocarbons 22 to 83%
• carbon dioxide 6 to 10%

Although data on nitrogen oxide emissions do not show a consistent pattern, the majority of results indicate that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives will also reduce nitrogen oxide emissions with up to 61% reduction under highway test conditions and 6% reduction under city driving conditions as shown by Environment Canada.

All the other pollutants listed above result from the fact that sulphur, benzene, toluene and xylenes are all present in gasoline. Although C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives contains naphtha which is itself a component of gasoline, care has been taken to select a grade of naphtha that is relatively free from these products. For example, it was mentioned above, that Ontario gasoline can contain from 200 to 790 parts per million of sulphur, whereas the sulphur content of a recent sample of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives contained as little as 7 ppm.

The Word Wide Fuel Charter was established in 1998 on behalf of automobile manufacturers from around the world, to harmonize fuel quality world wide in accordance with vehicle needs. Four categories of fuel quality have been established for gasoline based very largely on exhaust emissions, Category 1 representing minimal requirements and Category 4 the most stringent.

The following table illustrates how C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives compares with Category 2 and Category 3 requirements for sulphur, benzene and aromatics.

Comparison of C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives with WWFC Category 2 and Category 3 Gasoline

Category 2 corresponds approximately to the California Air Resources Board, Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) requirement and Category 3 to the Ultra Low Emission (ULEV) requirement. It can be seen that C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives far exceeds the WWFC requirements for Category 3 fuel for sulphur, aromatics and benzene.

Since Ontario gasoline only corresponds to the WWFC Category 1 classification, C.L.E.A.N. Power Additives affords a convenient way to bring about a substantial reduction in emissions of benzene and other aromatics such as toluene and mixed xylenes.